Women In Hamlet - Free Essay Example

Sasha Alsberg who is a writer said: Honestly, I hate when in books, the guys change the girls life. Like, no. The girl needs to change her own life. this means that sexism occurs in literary works.Sexism has always been a hot topic in society and literature. Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on a persons sex or gender.Hamletis a tragedy of Shakespeare that tells the story of King Claudius murdering Hamlets father, usurping the throne and marrying the kings widow, Gertrude. Once Hamlet knowing that Claudius killed his father, he started to consider if he should revenge, after some ideological struggle, Hamlet decided to revenge his uncle. At the end, Hamlet killed his uncle, but his mother died for him, also himself. While telling the story of Hamlets revenge, the play also intersperses the social status of women and the prevailing patriarchy idea in the society at that time, this is exemplified by Gertrude and Ophelia who are the two main female characters and the only two female characters. They appear more as subsidiaries of male characters than as single agencies. In Hamlet, Shakespeare did not deliberately belittle women, but based on the social environment at that time to describe the truth: women are generally in a weak position, low social status; the stereotype of women in the society at that time; the patriarchal perspective is significant. These situations still exist today, so this essay will discuss female images and the manifestation of male chauvinism in Hamlet. During Hamlets period, women were generally in a disadvantaged position and low social status. InHamlet, the two main female characters are Ophelia and Gertrude. Although they have higher social level than most women at that time, they are still described as male appendages by Shakespeare. Under the social background at that time, women subconsciously obeyed men. They do not have the right to make their own decisions. Although their own rights have been threatened and hurt, they still have to swallow their voices, because public opinion does not allow them to have their own decision-making power. While King, Queen and Polonius are talking about Hanmlets madness, Polonius thinks that Ophelia is the reason why Hamlet become mad and he said: I have a daughter have while she is mine / Who in her duty and obedience, mark, / Hath given me this. (Act II Scene ii 106-108). Polonius believes that Ophelia as a daughter belongs to him rather than to an object. In Act 2 Scene 2, Ophelia and her father Polonius and brother Laertes talked about her relationship with Hamlet. Both male characters strongly disagree with the idea of Hamlet and Ophelia date when they heard, they think that Hamlet was playing with her and that self-loving women should not show their beauty as Laertes said: The chariest maid is prodigal enough / If she unmasks her beauty to the moon. (Act I, Scene iii 36-37). Laertes thinks that women should not show their beauty out because it is a sin. So they asked Ophelia to stop dating Hamlet. Ophelia is the person who has a direct contact with Hamlet, but she cannot have their own emotional decision-making power, it can be seen that women did not have the right to speak for their own. In Hamlet, Ophelia has no opinions or ideas of her own, and all her actions are caused by the actions of male characters: breaking off relations with Hamlet and helping Polonius test whether Hamlet is really mad or fake mad. None of above actions have Ophelias free will.Another female character, Gertrude, as queen, also does not have the same rights as the king, or even the same rights as ordinary men. In Act I Scene ii, Hamlet expressed strong dissatisfaction with Gertrudes behavior when he heard that Gertrude remarried his uncle. However, Shakespeare did not write out clearly whether Gertrudes behavior was voluntary or forced. Under the social environment at that time, women could not decide their own destiny, so she could only accept Claudius as his new queen. But as a mother,Gertrudealways love Hamlet. In Act I Scene ii, in order to protect Hamlet, she dissuade Hamlet from doing silly things. She also fulfilled all Hamlets demands. Even Hamlet accused her of being unfaithful to her father in harsh language in her dormitory, she did not take up her mothers identity to defend herself and rebuke her son, but honestly reviewed herself. When Hamlet suspected that she may betray him in front of Claudius, she swore that she would never reveal the secret. When Hamlet won the battle with Laertes, she couldnt stop coming forward to congratulate her son on his drinking and was poisoned by the poisonous liquor which was prepared for Hamlet. All this shows that Gertrude is a kind and virtuous mother. So, in Hamlet, Shakespeare only described the social situation at that time, but did not express his position. And also, stereotypes for women are shown in Hamlet.Stereotype has been in peoples minds all the time. In the time Hamlet was weitten, the impression of women was obedience and staying at home: From this time / Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence. Set your entrustments at a higher rate / Than a command to parley. (Act I Scene iii 120-124), these words were talked by Polonius, he taught his daughter Ophelia what women should show less. (People acquiesced that women should not show up, and women does not resist it. Frailty, thy name is woman! married with my uncle, My fathers brother, but no more like my / I to Hercules. (Act I, Scene ii 146-153) Hamlet compares itself to women, indicating that the general impression of women in society at that time was tender, this will be explained later in the analysis. The chariest maid is prodigal enough / If she unmask her beauty to the moon. (Act I, Scene iii 36-37), Laertes said that if women show their beauty even in the dark of night to the moon they will be considered unchaste or ruined. Ophelias most prominent feature in the play is that she does not express any free will except beauty, which indicates the stereotype of women in the society at that time. Through the description of Ophelia as a female character, Shakespeare shows the readers the whole society at that time. Since the whole play of Hamlet does not take women as the leading role, and show mens superior all the time such as men are always in a teaching position, this play is from the perspective of male chauvinism which is the belief thatmenare superior towomen.InHamlet, the male chauvinism is embodied in all aspects. When Hamlet was talking to his mother about his madness, he said: Good night but go not to mine uncles bed. Assume a virtue if you have it not. (Act III Scene iv 157-158). He does not show any respect for his mother, but spoke to her in a serious and contemptuous tone or even insulting language, showing Hamlets superiority as a male. When Hamlet talked to the ghost of his father Old Hamlet, he became very gentle, even with a trace of fear. These two different attitudes towards the elders show disrespect for women as a man, and also show the prevailing patria rchal ideology in the society at that time. In Edward Sapirs workLanguage, he wrote that Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols. As above shows that at Hamlet time, women did not get any verbal respect. In Hamlet,the language used to describe women is always discriminatory, such as Frailty, strumpet, plague for the dowry and so on. Shakespeares use of popular language at the time implicitly reflected the books social discrimination against women.Broadly speaking, Shakespeare did not intentionally use sexism in Hamlet, but a natural psychological attitude due to the social environment at that time. He only shows the attitudes towards women and the prevalence of male chauvinism in the society at that time through language. When men talk to women, it is mostly about sex, and women are always in weak position, on the contrary, men have the supreme power. It can be seen from the comparison of the two above that the social ideology dominated by male consciousness at that time also shows that the value evaluation system dominated by male influences the social evaluation and view of women. Shakespeare did not get rid of the traditional ideas of that time in his writing, and his patriarchal perspective gave the tragic fate of the female characters in his play. Since the birth of his play, the status of women has been greatly improved, but the pressure of patriarchal society still exists. There is still a long way to go to eliminate sexism.

Clement Clarke Moore, Author of The Night Before Christmas

Clement Clarke Moore was a scholar of ancient languages who is remembered today because of a poem he wrote to amuse his children. His memorable work, widely known as â€Å"The Night Before Christmas† appeared anonymously in newspapers beginning in the early 1820s, titled A Visit From St. Nicholas. Decades would pass before Moore claimed  he had written it. And over the past 150 years, there have been hotly disputed claims that Moore did not really write the famous poem. If you accept that Moore was the author, then, along with Washington Irving, he helped to create the character of Santa Claus. In Moore’s poem some of the traits associated with Santa today, such as his use of eight reindeer to pull his sleigh, were established for the very first time. As the poem gained popularity over several decades in the mid-1800s, Moores depiction of Santa Claus became central to how others portrayed the character. The poem has been published countless times and the reciting of it remains a cherished Christmas tradition. Perhaps no one would be more surprised by its enduring popularity than its author, who was, during his lifetime, highly regarded as a very serious professor of difficult subjects. The Writing of â€Å"A Visit From St. Nicholas† According to an account Moore gave to the New York Historical Society when he was in his eighties and presented them with a hand-written manuscript of the poem, he had first written it simply to entertain his children (he was the father of six in 1822). The character of St. Nicholas was, Moore, said, inspired by an overweight New Yorker of Dutch descent who lived in his neighborhood. (Moores family estate became Manhattans present-day Chelsea neighborhood.) Moore apparently had no intention of ever publishing the poem. It first appeared in print on December 23, 1823, in the Troy Sentinel, a newspaper in upstate New York. According to published accounts from the late 19th century, a daughter of a minister from Troy had stayed with Moores family a year earlier and heard a recitation of the poem. She was impressed, transcribed it, and passed it along to a friend who edited the newspaper in Troy. The poem began to appear in other newspapers every December, always appearing anonymously. About 20 years after its first publication, in 1844, Moore included it in a book of his own poems. And by that time some newspapers had credited Moore as the author. Moore presented several handwritten copies of the poem to friends and organizations, including the  copy given to the New York Historical Society. The Dispute About Authorship A claim that the poem had been written by Henry Livingston dates to the 1850s when descendants of Livingston (who had died in 1828) asserted that Moore was wrongfully taking credit for what had become a very popular poem. The Livingston family had no documentary evidence, such as a manuscript or a newspaper clipping, to support the claim. They simply claimed their father had recited the poem to them as early as 1808. The assertion that Moore hadn’t written the poem was generally not taken seriously. However, Don Foster, a scholar and professor at Vassar College who employs â€Å"linguistic forensics,† had claimed in 2000 that â€Å"A Night Before Christmas† was probably not written by Moore. His conclusion was widely publicized, yet it was also widely disputed. There may never be a definitive answer as to who wrote the poem. But the controversy has captured the public imagination to the extent that in 2013 a mock trial, dubbed The Trial Before Christmas, was held at the  Rensselaer County Courthouse in Troy, New York. Lawyers and scholars presented evidence arguing that either Livingston or Moore had written the poem. The evidence presented by both sides in the argument ranged from the unlikelihood that someone with Moores stern personality would have written the poem to specific notes on language and the meter of the poem (which only matches one other poem written by Moore). The Life and Career of Clement Clarke Moore Again, a reason for speculation about the authorship of the famous poem is simply because Moore was regarded as a very serious scholar. And a cheerful holiday poem about a â€Å"jolly old elf† is like nothing else he had ever written. Moore was born in New York City on July 15, 1779. His father was a scholar and a prominent citizen of New York who served as the rector of Trinity Church and the president of Columbia College. The elder Moore administered the last rites to Alexander Hamilton after he was wounded in his famous duel with Aaron Burr. Young Moore received a very good education as a boy, entered Columbia College at the age of 16, and received a degree in classical literature in 1801. He could speak Italian, French, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. He was also a competent architect and a talented musician who enjoyed playing the organ and the violin. Deciding to follow an academic career, rather than becoming a clergyman like his father, Moore taught for decades at the Protestant Episcopal Seminary in New York City. He published a number of articles in various newspapers and magazines. He was known to oppose the policies of Thomas Jefferson, and occasionally published articles on political subjects. Moore would also publish poetry on occasion, though none of his published work was anything like â€Å"A Visit From St. Nicholas.† Scholars could argue that the difference in the writing style could mean he didn’t write the poem. Yet it’s also likely that something written simply for the enjoyment of his children would be quite different than a poem published for a general audience. Moore died in Newport, Rhode Island, on July 10, 1863. The New York Times briefly mentioned his death on July 14, 1863, without referring to the famous poem. In the following decades, however, the poem kept being reprinted, and it by the late 19th century newspapers regularly ran stories about him and the poem. According to an article, published in the Washington Evening Star on December 18, 1897, an 1859 edition of the poem published as a small book with drawings by a prominent illustrator, Felix O.C. Darley had made A Visit From St. Nicholas extremely popular just before the Civil War. Of course, since then, the poem has been reprinted countless times, and recitations of it are a standard component of Christmas pageants and family gatherings.

Feminism in My Year of Meats Essay - 1460 Words

Amanda Shaw English Comp 3 The Message of Meat Ruth L. Ozeki, in her novel My Year of Meats, utilizes epiphanies in her development of female characters in order to reveal the flaws of a patriarchal society. These epiphanies are employed in order to emphasis that women should take charge over their lives and to not be constrained to keeping secrets as a result of their fear of repercussion. Ozeki presents a vision of a progressive, feminist global community through her characters Akiko and Bunny. While Bunny realizes her need to voice her concerns having â€Å"drifted through life†¦ never [having] made a single decision, (p. 294)† Akiko realizes she does not need to depend on a man and that â€Å"she would never need him again (p.181)†. In†¦show more content†¦Bunny lacks the ability to voice her opinion because she lives in a male dominant society which hinders her ability to think for what is best for her and the given situation. Bunny has never given value to her own self and as a result, secrets ar e hidden in order to prevent confrontation with male figures and thus, her daughter is put at risk. It is with the voice of Jane that Bunny’s veil of denial is lifted and she conveys this epiphany to Jane, â€Å"Things you’d never even believe could ever happen just start seemin’ as normal as pie. Well, maybe not normal, but still you accept it. Like Rosie†¦You just get used to it. Until something happens, that is, that wakes you up and makes you see different, That’s what happened when you all showed up†¦I saw her with your eyes, and everything looked different. Wrong†¦After you left the house last night I was thinkin’ back, and I realized that I ain’t never really ever made a single decision in my life, you know. Just kinda drifted from one thing to the next, following the direction these darn things pointed me in (her breasts), you know?† (p. 294-295). After Bunny’s epiphany, she begins to seek treatment for h er daughter and truly becomes an advocate for her health. By breaking free from the constraints of the patriarchal â€Å"rules† in her life, Bunny is able to see her new role as a woman in society. Similarly, Akiko is aShow MoreRelatedThe Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism. The advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Why are some people so angry or offended when they hear this word? Why does the idea of women being equal to men annoy and infuriate them? Do they not believe that women should have the same rights as men? Should women have to cover up to avoid being cat called by disgusting men? Should women have to cover up to avoid being molested or raped? Should women have to stay quiet when they are rapedRead MoreJudy Brady s I Want A Wife1720 Words   |  7 Pagesa job, I want my wife to quit working and remain at home so that my wife can more fully and completely take care of a wife s duties. My God, who wouldn t want a wife?† Ending the essay in this manner was brilliant in my opinion! It registered in my mind as sarcasm, a nd agitation. It made me want to know more about Brady, and related experiences of a 1960s housewife. After reading Judy Brady’s essay I decided to research her back story, and what made her want a wife. I gathered my information fromRead MoreCultural Anthropology And The American Society1346 Words   |  6 Pagesfeminist theory can be described as an approach to move towards empowering women worldwide. Feminism has been a problem in any culture from any time in history, and feminist worldwide are all banding together for one reason: to become independent and highly powered women. The main goals of feminism are to discuss the importance of women, break the gender inequality band and also to show that women over the years have always been subordinate towards men. This essay will talk about the feminist approachRead MoreSummary : Performance The Body 1550 Words   |  7 PagesViennese Actionists and Lady Gaga? In a Wikipedia quote on ‘Viennese Actionists’ it call’s it â€Å"a short and violent movement,†- even compared with aesthetic art extremes of the 1960s, the unrelenting art of Vienna Actionism stands apart. Over fifty years later, the art extremes of Viennese Actionism raises questions about pushing limits (questionably too far?) and where the origins of the art movement originated from bring a troubling emotional surface giving almost closer. Hermann Nitsch, along withRead MoreBeauty, Pornography, And Disability In Pig Tales1687 Words   |  7 Pagestreats her horribly and abuses her. Although, another man then comes into her life named Yvan who she falls deeply in love with. Yvan turns into a werewolf often and they both end up killing these boys who work at a pizza place because he wants to eat meat. The police catch Yvan and end up killing him but the sow becomes devastated and wonders into the woods (Darrieussecq, 1997). As the book continued, you realize the narrator is describing her job like a prostitute. However, she never states that throughoutRead MoreThe Double Standards of Feminism4337 Words   |  18 Pagescreates a deadly combination when brewed with modern time expressions of â€Å"feminism.† That is the problem right there. The world cannot come to precise terms with these two important concepts of â€Å"morality† and â€Å"feminism.† This is the reason for so much hypocrisy and c ontroversy. There is certainly a basic, universal understanding of these delicate concepts that people in all fairness can concur with. However. along the many years peoples with self interests and ulterior motives have preyed on theseRead MoreWomen s Rights On The Grounds2974 Words   |  12 Pages Today feminism is a very distorted subject; it has many faces and many people representing different sides and opinions on it. So metimes feminism is associated with â€Å"man-haters† and radical feminists who are referred to as female suicide bombers and wish to de-bunk patriarchy. Their actions come at an unf ortunate cost to the people who are abiding by the true definition of feminism and whos e wishes are simple. The real meaning might surprise you as much as it didRead MoreSouth Park: Fun With Veal2476 Words   |  10 PagesMy initial inspiration in becoming a vegetarian was simple: eating animals is not essential to living a healthy life and I would prefer to avoid engaging in a discordant relationship with nonhuman animals and the natural world. Theretofore, I had been an eager, indiscriminate consumer of nonhuman animals, often outfitted in leather footwear and annually swathed in my winter wool. Thenceforth, family anticipated and dreaded my finicky dietary demands and envisaged the emaciated shell of a once healthyRead MoreCulture Of The Middle East4300 Words   |  18 PagesI find it very interesting and different from my own. I feel as if many people hold a strong negative feeling against people from the Middle East because of terrorist attacks in the past. Middle Eastern culture is different from American culture and some people are not culturally aware so they do not understand Middle Eastern cu lture, therefore, people judge off of what they know. After visiting and researching the Middle East I have came to change my views as well as well I am now culturally awareRead MoreThe Harmful Effects of Juvenile Prostitution Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesinform you about juvenile prostitution because I am interested in making a difference in our teenager’s world I want them to walk freely on the street. I am tired of seeing how people take advantage of inoffensive and inexperience teenagers. I what my kids to grow In a safe place. I don’t want them to become the new slaves of the sex industries. â€Æ' Back in the 1800’s, juvenile prostitution was legally and sociable accepted, but this change with the Mann act law in the 1910, which prohibited

Evaluation Of A Program For Incentive Spirometry - 2055 Words

1. Education provided must be specific to the patient’s needs and appropriate to the care, treatment and services provided. Initial teaching for Incentive spirometry is failing to be documented in all cases in the hospital’s electronic health record. 2. Patient-specific education is designed to help medical professionals and patients make better decisions about their health and links to relevant information with extensive articles, videos, and images for the patient. (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, 2014). Properly documented patient education can help organizations meet Meaningful Use Requirements (Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, 2012, 2016; National Learning Consortium, 2012) for reimbursement under Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services guidelines. 3. This quality improvement project’s aim is to identify how many initial teach documentations for incentive spirometry were missed and for what reason. D. Project Results: Define: The problem at Norton Audubon Hospital is initial teach documentations for incentive spirometry are not being documented in the electronic health record. Patient education and patient engagement in many forms support improved care and reduced cost of care as patients who are engaged with their health care have better outcomes and cost savings for their care. (Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, 2015, p. 62771). This project is occurring at Norton Audubon Hospital. Norton AudubonShow MoreRelatedHealth Employer Data And Information Set866 Words   |  4 PagesEmployer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) is a data collecting instrument that the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) uses to compare healthcare services on a side by side evaluation. HEDIS is also a nonprofit organizations that care about patient safety and accreditation. HEDIS is an accreditation program that was initiated in 1991 as a centralized database for employers to assess the quality of insurance and healthcare providers nationwide. HEDIS forth strict regulations and benchmarksRead MoreDifference in Competencies of Nurses Prepared Essay1126 Words   |   5 PagesNCLEX examination and become a Registered Nurse. In the 1950’s baccalaureate nursing programs were made accessible to high school graduates throughout the country. This was due to the passing of GI Bill of Rights in 1946 that helped veterans to get vocational training or attend college. Veteran nurses took the opportunity to get college degrees for nursing and administration. Due to the increase in program enrollment the face of nursing education significantly changed. (Creasia, 2007). BSN preparationRead MoreTaking a Look at Respiratory Dysfunction2037 Words   |  8 Pageschild to perform ADLs. All of these tests and measures will help the physical therapist and support personal care for the child with respiratory muscular weakness. This specific information will also help the physical therapist design an exercise program at the appropriate level for the patient. Physical Therapy Intervention According to Tecklin the important parts of the physical therapy interventions for a child with respiratory muscular weakness is respiratory muscular strengthening exercisesRead MoreChildhood Asthma And Its Effects3628 Words   |  15 Pagesperformed to identify possible risks leading to non-compliance: customary beliefs, financial resources, health literacy, psychosocial issues, or even family problems. Therefore, therapeutic communication and interventions (e.g., medications and an incentive spirometer) along with education and return demonstration are not only imperative in the success of the overall treatment of the patient and family but also reduces their anxiety and stress. Since asthma can be a life-threatening condition, requesting

What Determines The Perception Of Tattoos - 1443 Words

What determines the perception of tattoos? University of Hawaii at Manoa Cole Dante Introduction College students walk amongst each other every day, eyes wandering and constantly comparing each other. Comparing the physical appearances, attire, and how they carry themselves. A main trend that has become popular over the years are tattoos. Tattoos have long been viewed as a part of the deviant culture but that perspective has been evolving where many perspectives are emerging regarding to the subject. For example, some may say that tattoos have been becoming a social norm, becoming a very normal day to day thing to see. Of course many still hold traditional beliefs that tattoos are deviant and that no good comes†¦show more content†¦The stigma associated with tattoos are often viewed as deviant and frowned upon by people with long held religious beliefs. â€Å"Persons who have tattoos remain stigmatized as deviant people, and commonly are stereotyped as having poor decision-making skills, rarely attending church, easily swayed by peer-pressure, having had unhappy childhoods, Getting tattooed while intoxicated, and as poor students and rebellious† (Armstrong, 1994, Braverman, 2012 and Roberts and Ryan, 2002). Some people with tattoos are well aware of the stigma with tattoos. King, Vidourek, Madfis, and Arford (2013) further mentions that older respondents report more experiences with stigma victimization and perceive greater stigma associated with tattoos because historically, tattooing is characterized as a deviant and negative expression. Perhaps the reasoning behind the negativity towards tattoos is because of the long relationship tattoos have had with prisoners. For example, Hanies and Huffman (1958) determined that 35% of inmates obtained tattoos. Stigma towards tattoos may have also caused harm towards the people being stigmatized. â€Å"We find that Beliefs about the Negative Side Effects of Tattoos is positively related to Stigma against Tattooed Persons† (Dickson, Lynda, Dukes,Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Tattoos1473 Wor ds   |  6 Pages Tattoos have been practised for many generations across the entire globe. We, in the Western culture, have adopted tattoos as a way to express ourselves artistically and it is quite common to possess one nowadays. As popular as tattoos have become in our western society, there are still repercussions when participating in this body modification venture. It is typical for adolescents to partake in receiving visible markings as a way to revolt against their parents or authority overall. JuvenilesRead MoreWhy People Have Tattoos, From An Ipa Perspective2906 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract The research aims to look at why people have tattoos, from an IPA perspective. Social influences, perceptions and motivations behind the art of tattooing will hold prevalence within the data. A considerable amount of data already exist on the motivations, perceptions and social influences into the art of tattooing, this research merely exists to expand on this. Although it would appear tattooing is prevalent among the young and middle class women, and generally becoming accepted within societyRead MoreGender Is Defined As A System Of Social, Symbolic, And Psychic Relations Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesLouisiana and when the English encountered the Algonquians in the tidewater regions of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, both Europeans and Native Americans used their preconceived notions of gender to determine their appearance, their political actions, and their roles and responsibilities within their community. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the Spanish sought to establish permanent settlements along the modern-day Texas andRead MoreTodd Willingham s Conviction Process1209 Words   |  5 Pagesprosecution relied too much on eyewitness. The criminal justice system had many flaws when it came down to Willinghams prosecution and I blame the people involved in the system. After the tragic fire, two fire investigators arrived at the scene to determine what caused the blaze. The investigation was considered very professional, since they did have the right kind of professionals and experts at the moment. One of the investigators was named Douglas Fogg, he was at the time considered as an arson investigatorRead MorePerception, Diversity, Attribution And Attitudes1095 Words   |  5 Pages Writing Assignment II Perception, Diversity, Attribution and Attitudes Stefanie M. Young FSW State College Social Perception is the process that allows us to interpret and understand our surroundings. (Overgaard, S., Krueger, J. p. 395) Perception has a four-stage process: comprehension, encoding, storage, and response. With the first stage, we become aware of a situation or a person around us. The second step we take that new raw information and process it. Third stage, it isRead MoreThe Overlooked Art : Tattoos A Social Issue1931 Words   |  8 Pages The Overlooked Art: Tattoos a Social Issue When you think of social issues there are many that come to mind ,but there is one that though it effects many is overlooked. That issue is the acceptance of tattoos into our main stream culture. Tattoos actually have a very long history in our culture but in the past, was concentrated in small out of the way pockets of society like the military and criminals. This has slowly started to change and tattoos have started to make their way into the commonplaceRead MoreTattoos And Pop Culture1923 Words   |  8 Pagesacceptance of tattoos into our main stream culture. Tattoos actually have a very long history in our culture, but in the past, was concentrated in small out of the way pockets of society like the military and criminals. This has slowly started to change and tattoos have started to make their way into the commonplace. This transition into an age of acceptance is not only moral move, but a logical one, this claim can be justified with the with deep traditional roots and pers onal experience that tattoos holdRead MoreEssay on Amnesia in Memento Directed by Christopher Nash1081 Words   |  5 Pagesseeing his wife, die. He then devotes his life to finding and killing the second attacker. However, Leonard, being unable to store and remember new memories, develops a technique to help him recall what has already happened in his life post head trauma. He does this by using hand-written notes, tattoos, and Polaroid pictures, with notes and indications on them as well. In this millennium released film, director and screenwriter, Christopher Nolan, uses classic neo-noir thematic and stylistic devicesRead MoreBefore Taking A Medical Oath, Every Nursing Trainee Should1026 Words   |  5 Pagesprofession. The nurses have a duty to address the negativity surrounding the noble profession. Negativity interferes with the proper delivery of healthcare. Image presentation which may be through the dressing style, piercings and tattoos portray a very compelling percepti on in the patient’s eyes. In the modern times, more male earn their way in the nursing profession to become reputable and successful practitioners. Community participation, critical thinking, teamwork, and communication are the aspectsRead MoreFashion Is More Than Clothing1992 Words   |  8 Pages(Ebin, 1979) ‘Fashion is more than clothing’ (Kratz and Reimer, 1998:194). Fashion is the main tool to express someone’s identity and to categorize who we are. Individuals constantly use fashion and other adornment to control the way they look and determine their appearance. In addition to fashion, people modify their style through other visual elements such as hairstyle, make up and jewellery (A. Bennett, 2005). There are groups in society that tend to express themselves in more extreme ways than

Literature Review Methane Free Essays

Methane Recovery from Landfills Utilization as a Potential Energy Source and Impact on Reduction of Green House Gasses According to The Conference Board of Canada, current Canadian municipal solid waste (MSW) generation levels are approximately 30 million tonnes per year, with a rate of 894 kg per capita, 67 percent of which is landfilled. (Jones L. et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review Methane or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2002) Sanitary landfills burry MSW under soil, sanctioning a complex series of reactions to occur, where anaerobic microorganisms decompose a portion of the organic fraction of the waste producing methane and carbon dioxide. Methane generation and emission from landfills are topics of major interest due to methane’s role in the greenhouse effect, migration of hazard potential, health and safety issues and energy applications. The objective of this literature review is to provide a concise relationship between MSW and landfill gasses (LFG), details of potential methods used for capturing methane as appose to emitting the gas as well as the benefits of doing. Rendering to information written by D. R. Reinhart and T. G. Townsend (1998), MSW contains approximately 50 – 70 % of biodegradable material, such as food, paper, wood, and garden trimmings. Once MSW is deposited into a landfill, it undergoes a number of biological, physical and chemical changes. These changes are greatly dependent on site conditions, waste characteristics, temperature, quantity of oxygen, moisture content and other factors. (Nozhevinikova et al. 1993) The most important reactions occurring within the landfill are those involving the microbes which begin to consume the carbon in the organic material, in turn causing the decomposition and eventually leading to the evaluate of LFG. In sanitary landfills, the process of burying waste and regularly covering deposits with a low permeability material creates an internal anaerobic environment that favors methane producing bacteria since the presence of oxygen is lacking. Pathways leading to the production of methane and carbon dioxide from anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of solid waste are briefly described bellow: 1) Decomposition of organic matter- In this preliminary process, compounds of higher molecular mass (Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids etc. are transformed into intermediate mass compounds making them much more suitable for the microorganisms as a source of energy and cell carbon 2) Conversion of decomposed matter to Organic Acid- In this phase, the existing microorganisms convert the intermediate molecular mass compounds into lower molecular mass compounds such as compel organic acids. 3) Conversion of Acetic Acid to Methane Gas- During this stage, the microorganisms transform the acetic acid into methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasses. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. 2002) As the solid waste decomposes in landfills, the gas which is emitted is composed of approximately 50 percent CH4 and 50 percent CO2, both of which are green house gasses (GHG) (Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. 1987) With Landfilling being the primary source of disposal of MSW around the world, (Encyclopedia Britanica 2012) methane emissions from landfill represent the largest source of GHG emissions from the waste sector, contributing around 700 Mt CO2-e. United Nations Environmental Programme 2012) As recorded by Environment Canada (2010), similar trends exist nationally with emissions from Canadian landfills accounting for 20% of the total national methane emissions. Information gathered in a thesis prepared by Palananthakumar, B. (1991) outlines the proportion of methane produced world wide from landfills, and can be seen illustrated graphically below in Figure 1. 0. Figure 1. 0: % of Methane Production Contributions Worldwide from Landfill Existing research leads to the confident statement that methane is a potent greenhouse gas. As summarized in a 2009 article from the Municipal Solid Waste, the Journal for Municipal Solid Waste Professionals, In its Fourth Assessment Report (2007), The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, on a 100-year time frame, each molecule of methane has a global warming potential 25 times higher than that associated with a molecule of carbon dioxide. (Duffy, D. P. et al 2009) Table 1. 0 summarizes the enumerated global warming potential for the primary greenhouse gasses discussed. Table 1. : Global Warming Potential (GWP) for a Given Time Horizon Greenhouse Gas| GWP20-yr (kg CO2-e| GWP (IPCC 2007) 100-yr (kg CO2-e)| GWP 500-yr (kg CO2-e)| Carbon Dioxide (CO2)| 1| 1| 1| Methane (CH4)| 72| 25| 7. 6| (Forster, P. et al 2007) In the last decade, attention to methane emissions from landfills has grown significantly with increased and ongoing awareness of global warming. The efforts of individual landfills as well as the nations as a whole are closely monitored f or the control of methane emissions. A trend has been observed that the magnitude of methane emission has been slightly decreasing, which is potentially due to the development of LFG to energy projects. Contrary to the negative perception associated with all greenhouse gasses, capturing this LFG can lead to beneficial outcomes. Generally, recovered methane either flares or is used as source of energy. The use of the gas as a source of energy is economical and environmentally friendly method to reduce LFG emissions. There are three primary approaches for the utilization of LFG. They include; 1) Direct use of gas locally 2) Generation of electricity and distribution through power grid 3) Processing and injection into a gas pipeline. (Palananthakumar, B. 1991) The captured LFG has the potential to provide a continuous source of energy and improve local air quality. In addition, using LFG can significantly reduce GHG emission, making the option of exploiting this alternative energy source a very viable option to MSW management. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has utilized this MSW management option and continues to encourage it. They have created a program that aims to help reduce methane emissions from landfills by assisting and encouraging the recovery and use of LFG as an energy resource. Since the programs inception, Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) has assisted 520 LFG energy projects in the United States reduce landfill CH4 emissions and avoid CO2 emissions by a combined 44 million metric tons of carbon equivalent. The reduction of methane emission through this program has slightly influenced the overall emission of LFG in USA. The success of LMOP can be reckoned by observing statistics from 2010 where reductions from all operational LFG energy projects were equivalent to Annual GHG emissions from 18. 5 million passenger vehicles. (United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) A variety of technologies exist to generate electricity from collected methane including, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and microturbines. Although there is a diversity of technologies, approximately eighty five percent of existing LFG electricity generation projects use internal combustion engines or turbines. United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) â€Å"How much energy can Municipal solid waste produce? † is a common question among existing research. According to â€Å"An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States† published by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Landfill Methane Outreach Program, one million tons of landfilled MSW can produce an electricity generation capaci ty of approximately 0. 8 MW. To further quantify this value, allowing the magnitude of the electricity generation to be understood, Focus on Energy (2003) outlines that 0. 8MW would be drawn to power approximately 8 000 100w light bulbs. It can be concluded that LFG recovery wreaks benefits environmentally, socially and economically. LFG recovery, particularly methane, also makes an impact on the larger issue termed green house effect, as it is amongst the most cost effective and feasible measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The recovered LFG can be directly or indirectly utilized to produce energy, which is a perpetually small, however; a very important component of an integrated approach to the solid waste management given that the use of landfills continues to remain the predominant method of municipal solid waste disposal in most countries. Global Methane 2012) References Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. (1987). The Production of Methane from Solid Wastes. † Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(D2), 2181–2187. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. (2002) â€Å"Landfill Biogas Management: Case of Chilean Sanitary Landfills. † Recovering Energy from Waste, 183-194. Conference Board o f Canada. (2011). â€Å"Municipal Waste Generation. † How Canada Performs, ; http://www. conferenceboard. ca/hcp/details/environment/municipal- waste-generation. aspx#_ftnref3; (Sept. 28th, 2012) Duffy, D.. P et al (2009). â€Å"Moving Up†¦ to the Top of the Landfill. Municipal Solid Waste Management. 19(2), 36-39. Encyclopedia Britanica (2012). â€Å"Solid Waste Management. † ;http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/553362/solid-wastemanagement /72390/Sanitary-landfill; (Sept. 29th, 2012) Environment Canada (2010). â€Å"Municipal Solid Waste and Greenhouse Gases. † ;http://www. ec. gc. ca/gdd-mw/default. asp? lang=En;n=6F92E701-1; (Sept 29th, 2012) Focus On Energy (2003). â€Å"Electricity Basics for Renewable Energy Systems†, Focus on Energy, Wisconsin. Forster, P. et al (2007) â€Å"Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United King dom and New York, NY, USA. Global Methane (2012). â€Å"Basic Concepts of Integrated Solid Waste Management. † International Best Practices Guide for LFGE Projects, Global Methane Initiative, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Jones, L. et al. (2002). â€Å"Environmental Indicators 5th Edition. † Critical Issues Bulletin, The Fraser Institute: Vancouver, BC Landfill Methane Outreach Program (2012). â€Å"An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States† U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Nozhevinikova, A. N. , et al. (1993). â€Å"Microbiological Process in Landfills. † Water Science Technology, 27(2), 243-252. Reinhart, D. R. , and Townsend, T. G. (1998). Landfill Bioreactor Design ; Operation, CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, USA. Palananthakumar, B. (1991). â€Å"Modeling of Methane Generation, Oxidation and Emission in Landfills. † M. Eng. Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology School of Environment, Resources and Development, Bangkok, Thailand. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012). â€Å"Landfill Gas Energy:A Guide to Developing and Implementing Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs. Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Guides, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2011). â€Å"Landfill Methane Outreach Program. † Environmental Protection Agency, ;http://www. epa. gov/lmop/ faq/ lmop. html; (Sept 29th, 2012) United Nations Environmental Programme (2012) â€Å" Waste and Climate Change: Global Trends and Strategy Framework. † United Nations Environmental Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka, Japan. How to cite Literature Review Methane, Essays

Literature Review Methane Free Essays

Methane Recovery from Landfills Utilization as a Potential Energy Source and Impact on Reduction of Green House Gasses According to The Conference Board of Canada, current Canadian municipal solid waste (MSW) generation levels are approximately 30 million tonnes per year, with a rate of 894 kg per capita, 67 percent of which is landfilled. (Jones L. et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review Methane or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2002) Sanitary landfills burry MSW under soil, sanctioning a complex series of reactions to occur, where anaerobic microorganisms decompose a portion of the organic fraction of the waste producing methane and carbon dioxide. Methane generation and emission from landfills are topics of major interest due to methane’s role in the greenhouse effect, migration of hazard potential, health and safety issues and energy applications. The objective of this literature review is to provide a concise relationship between MSW and landfill gasses (LFG), details of potential methods used for capturing methane as appose to emitting the gas as well as the benefits of doing. Rendering to information written by D. R. Reinhart and T. G. Townsend (1998), MSW contains approximately 50 – 70 % of biodegradable material, such as food, paper, wood, and garden trimmings. Once MSW is deposited into a landfill, it undergoes a number of biological, physical and chemical changes. These changes are greatly dependent on site conditions, waste characteristics, temperature, quantity of oxygen, moisture content and other factors. (Nozhevinikova et al. 1993) The most important reactions occurring within the landfill are those involving the microbes which begin to consume the carbon in the organic material, in turn causing the decomposition and eventually leading to the evaluate of LFG. In sanitary landfills, the process of burying waste and regularly covering deposits with a low permeability material creates an internal anaerobic environment that favors methane producing bacteria since the presence of oxygen is lacking. Pathways leading to the production of methane and carbon dioxide from anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of solid waste are briefly described bellow: 1) Decomposition of organic matter- In this preliminary process, compounds of higher molecular mass (Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids etc. are transformed into intermediate mass compounds making them much more suitable for the microorganisms as a source of energy and cell carbon 2) Conversion of decomposed matter to Organic Acid- In this phase, the existing microorganisms convert the intermediate molecular mass compounds into lower molecular mass compounds such as compel organic acids. 3) Conversion of Acetic Acid to Methane Gas- During this stage, the microorganisms transform the acetic acid into methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasses. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. 2002) As the solid waste decomposes in landfills, the gas which is emitted is composed of approximately 50 percent CH4 and 50 percent CO2, both of which are green house gasses (GHG) (Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. 1987) With Landfilling being the primary source of disposal of MSW around the world, (Encyclopedia Britanica 2012) methane emissions from landfill represent the largest source of GHG emissions from the waste sector, contributing around 700 Mt CO2-e. United Nations Environmental Programme 2012) As recorded by Environment Canada (2010), similar trends exist nationally with emissions from Canadian landfills accounting for 20% of the total national methane emissions. Information gathered in a thesis prepared by Palananthakumar, B. (1991) outlines the proportion of methane produced world wide from landfills, and can be seen illustrated graphically below in Figure 1. 0. Figure 1. 0: % of Methane Production Contributions Worldwide from Landfill Existing research leads to the confident statement that methane is a potent greenhouse gas. As summarized in a 2009 article from the Municipal Solid Waste, the Journal for Municipal Solid Waste Professionals, In its Fourth Assessment Report (2007), The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, on a 100-year time frame, each molecule of methane has a global warming potential 25 times higher than that associated with a molecule of carbon dioxide. (Duffy, D. P. et al 2009) Table 1. 0 summarizes the enumerated global warming potential for the primary greenhouse gasses discussed. Table 1. : Global Warming Potential (GWP) for a Given Time Horizon Greenhouse Gas| GWP20-yr (kg CO2-e| GWP (IPCC 2007) 100-yr (kg CO2-e)| GWP 500-yr (kg CO2-e)| Carbon Dioxide (CO2)| 1| 1| 1| Methane (CH4)| 72| 25| 7. 6| (Forster, P. et al 2007) In the last decade, attention to methane emissions from landfills has grown significantly with increased and ongoing awareness of global warming. The efforts of individual landfills as well as the nations as a whole are closely monitored f or the control of methane emissions. A trend has been observed that the magnitude of methane emission has been slightly decreasing, which is potentially due to the development of LFG to energy projects. Contrary to the negative perception associated with all greenhouse gasses, capturing this LFG can lead to beneficial outcomes. Generally, recovered methane either flares or is used as source of energy. The use of the gas as a source of energy is economical and environmentally friendly method to reduce LFG emissions. There are three primary approaches for the utilization of LFG. They include; 1) Direct use of gas locally 2) Generation of electricity and distribution through power grid 3) Processing and injection into a gas pipeline. (Palananthakumar, B. 1991) The captured LFG has the potential to provide a continuous source of energy and improve local air quality. In addition, using LFG can significantly reduce GHG emission, making the option of exploiting this alternative energy source a very viable option to MSW management. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has utilized this MSW management option and continues to encourage it. They have created a program that aims to help reduce methane emissions from landfills by assisting and encouraging the recovery and use of LFG as an energy resource. Since the programs inception, Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) has assisted 520 LFG energy projects in the United States reduce landfill CH4 emissions and avoid CO2 emissions by a combined 44 million metric tons of carbon equivalent. The reduction of methane emission through this program has slightly influenced the overall emission of LFG in USA. The success of LMOP can be reckoned by observing statistics from 2010 where reductions from all operational LFG energy projects were equivalent to Annual GHG emissions from 18. 5 million passenger vehicles. (United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) A variety of technologies exist to generate electricity from collected methane including, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and microturbines. Although there is a diversity of technologies, approximately eighty five percent of existing LFG electricity generation projects use internal combustion engines or turbines. United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) â€Å"How much energy can Municipal solid waste produce? † is a common question among existing research. According to â€Å"An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States† published by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Landfill Methane Outreach Program, one million tons of landfilled MSW can produce an electricity generation capaci ty of approximately 0. 8 MW. To further quantify this value, allowing the magnitude of the electricity generation to be understood, Focus on Energy (2003) outlines that 0. 8MW would be drawn to power approximately 8 000 100w light bulbs. It can be concluded that LFG recovery wreaks benefits environmentally, socially and economically. LFG recovery, particularly methane, also makes an impact on the larger issue termed green house effect, as it is amongst the most cost effective and feasible measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The recovered LFG can be directly or indirectly utilized to produce energy, which is a perpetually small, however; a very important component of an integrated approach to the solid waste management given that the use of landfills continues to remain the predominant method of municipal solid waste disposal in most countries. Global Methane 2012) References Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. (1987). The Production of Methane from Solid Wastes. † Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(D2), 2181–2187. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. (2002) â€Å"Landfill Biogas Management: Case of Chilean Sanitary Landfills. † Recovering Energy from Waste, 183-194. Conference Board o f Canada. (2011). â€Å"Municipal Waste Generation. † How Canada Performs, ; http://www. conferenceboard. ca/hcp/details/environment/municipal- waste-generation. aspx#_ftnref3; (Sept. 28th, 2012) Duffy, D.. P et al (2009). â€Å"Moving Up†¦ to the Top of the Landfill. Municipal Solid Waste Management. 19(2), 36-39. Encyclopedia Britanica (2012). â€Å"Solid Waste Management. † ;http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/553362/solid-wastemanagement /72390/Sanitary-landfill; (Sept. 29th, 2012) Environment Canada (2010). â€Å"Municipal Solid Waste and Greenhouse Gases. † ;http://www. ec. gc. ca/gdd-mw/default. asp? lang=En;n=6F92E701-1; (Sept 29th, 2012) Focus On Energy (2003). â€Å"Electricity Basics for Renewable Energy Systems†, Focus on Energy, Wisconsin. Forster, P. et al (2007) â€Å"Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United King dom and New York, NY, USA. Global Methane (2012). â€Å"Basic Concepts of Integrated Solid Waste Management. † International Best Practices Guide for LFGE Projects, Global Methane Initiative, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Jones, L. et al. (2002). â€Å"Environmental Indicators 5th Edition. † Critical Issues Bulletin, The Fraser Institute: Vancouver, BC Landfill Methane Outreach Program (2012). â€Å"An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States† U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Nozhevinikova, A. N. , et al. (1993). â€Å"Microbiological Process in Landfills. † Water Science Technology, 27(2), 243-252. Reinhart, D. R. , and Townsend, T. G. (1998). Landfill Bioreactor Design ; Operation, CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, USA. Palananthakumar, B. (1991). â€Å"Modeling of Methane Generation, Oxidation and Emission in Landfills. † M. Eng. Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology School of Environment, Resources and Development, Bangkok, Thailand. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012). â€Å"Landfill Gas Energy:A Guide to Developing and Implementing Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs. Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Guides, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2011). â€Å"Landfill Methane Outreach Program. † Environmental Protection Agency, ;http://www. epa. gov/lmop/ faq/ lmop. html; (Sept 29th, 2012) United Nations Environmental Programme (2012) â€Å" Waste and Climate Change: Global Trends and Strategy Framework. † United Nations Environmental Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka, Japan. How to cite Literature Review Methane, Essays