Clement Clarke Moore, Author of The Night Before Christmas

Clement Clarke Moore was a scholar of ancient languages who is remembered today because of a poem he wrote to amuse his children. His memorable work, widely known as â€Å"The Night Before Christmas† appeared anonymously in newspapers beginning in the early 1820s, titled A Visit From St. Nicholas. Decades would pass before Moore claimed  he had written it. And over the past 150 years, there have been hotly disputed claims that Moore did not really write the famous poem. If you accept that Moore was the author, then, along with Washington Irving, he helped to create the character of Santa Claus. In Moore’s poem some of the traits associated with Santa today, such as his use of eight reindeer to pull his sleigh, were established for the very first time. As the poem gained popularity over several decades in the mid-1800s, Moores depiction of Santa Claus became central to how others portrayed the character. The poem has been published countless times and the reciting of it remains a cherished Christmas tradition. Perhaps no one would be more surprised by its enduring popularity than its author, who was, during his lifetime, highly regarded as a very serious professor of difficult subjects. The Writing of â€Å"A Visit From St. Nicholas† According to an account Moore gave to the New York Historical Society when he was in his eighties and presented them with a hand-written manuscript of the poem, he had first written it simply to entertain his children (he was the father of six in 1822). The character of St. Nicholas was, Moore, said, inspired by an overweight New Yorker of Dutch descent who lived in his neighborhood. (Moores family estate became Manhattans present-day Chelsea neighborhood.) Moore apparently had no intention of ever publishing the poem. It first appeared in print on December 23, 1823, in the Troy Sentinel, a newspaper in upstate New York. According to published accounts from the late 19th century, a daughter of a minister from Troy had stayed with Moores family a year earlier and heard a recitation of the poem. She was impressed, transcribed it, and passed it along to a friend who edited the newspaper in Troy. The poem began to appear in other newspapers every December, always appearing anonymously. About 20 years after its first publication, in 1844, Moore included it in a book of his own poems. And by that time some newspapers had credited Moore as the author. Moore presented several handwritten copies of the poem to friends and organizations, including the  copy given to the New York Historical Society. The Dispute About Authorship A claim that the poem had been written by Henry Livingston dates to the 1850s when descendants of Livingston (who had died in 1828) asserted that Moore was wrongfully taking credit for what had become a very popular poem. The Livingston family had no documentary evidence, such as a manuscript or a newspaper clipping, to support the claim. They simply claimed their father had recited the poem to them as early as 1808. The assertion that Moore hadn’t written the poem was generally not taken seriously. However, Don Foster, a scholar and professor at Vassar College who employs â€Å"linguistic forensics,† had claimed in 2000 that â€Å"A Night Before Christmas† was probably not written by Moore. His conclusion was widely publicized, yet it was also widely disputed. There may never be a definitive answer as to who wrote the poem. But the controversy has captured the public imagination to the extent that in 2013 a mock trial, dubbed The Trial Before Christmas, was held at the  Rensselaer County Courthouse in Troy, New York. Lawyers and scholars presented evidence arguing that either Livingston or Moore had written the poem. The evidence presented by both sides in the argument ranged from the unlikelihood that someone with Moores stern personality would have written the poem to specific notes on language and the meter of the poem (which only matches one other poem written by Moore). The Life and Career of Clement Clarke Moore Again, a reason for speculation about the authorship of the famous poem is simply because Moore was regarded as a very serious scholar. And a cheerful holiday poem about a â€Å"jolly old elf† is like nothing else he had ever written. Moore was born in New York City on July 15, 1779. His father was a scholar and a prominent citizen of New York who served as the rector of Trinity Church and the president of Columbia College. The elder Moore administered the last rites to Alexander Hamilton after he was wounded in his famous duel with Aaron Burr. Young Moore received a very good education as a boy, entered Columbia College at the age of 16, and received a degree in classical literature in 1801. He could speak Italian, French, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. He was also a competent architect and a talented musician who enjoyed playing the organ and the violin. Deciding to follow an academic career, rather than becoming a clergyman like his father, Moore taught for decades at the Protestant Episcopal Seminary in New York City. He published a number of articles in various newspapers and magazines. He was known to oppose the policies of Thomas Jefferson, and occasionally published articles on political subjects. Moore would also publish poetry on occasion, though none of his published work was anything like â€Å"A Visit From St. Nicholas.† Scholars could argue that the difference in the writing style could mean he didn’t write the poem. Yet it’s also likely that something written simply for the enjoyment of his children would be quite different than a poem published for a general audience. Moore died in Newport, Rhode Island, on July 10, 1863. The New York Times briefly mentioned his death on July 14, 1863, without referring to the famous poem. In the following decades, however, the poem kept being reprinted, and it by the late 19th century newspapers regularly ran stories about him and the poem. According to an article, published in the Washington Evening Star on December 18, 1897, an 1859 edition of the poem published as a small book with drawings by a prominent illustrator, Felix O.C. Darley had made A Visit From St. Nicholas extremely popular just before the Civil War. Of course, since then, the poem has been reprinted countless times, and recitations of it are a standard component of Christmas pageants and family gatherings.

Feminism in My Year of Meats Essay - 1460 Words

Amanda Shaw English Comp 3 The Message of Meat Ruth L. Ozeki, in her novel My Year of Meats, utilizes epiphanies in her development of female characters in order to reveal the flaws of a patriarchal society. These epiphanies are employed in order to emphasis that women should take charge over their lives and to not be constrained to keeping secrets as a result of their fear of repercussion. Ozeki presents a vision of a progressive, feminist global community through her characters Akiko and Bunny. While Bunny realizes her need to voice her concerns having â€Å"drifted through life†¦ never [having] made a single decision, (p. 294)† Akiko realizes she does not need to depend on a man and that â€Å"she would never need him again (p.181)†. In†¦show more content†¦Bunny lacks the ability to voice her opinion because she lives in a male dominant society which hinders her ability to think for what is best for her and the given situation. Bunny has never given value to her own self and as a result, secrets ar e hidden in order to prevent confrontation with male figures and thus, her daughter is put at risk. It is with the voice of Jane that Bunny’s veil of denial is lifted and she conveys this epiphany to Jane, â€Å"Things you’d never even believe could ever happen just start seemin’ as normal as pie. Well, maybe not normal, but still you accept it. Like Rosie†¦You just get used to it. Until something happens, that is, that wakes you up and makes you see different, That’s what happened when you all showed up†¦I saw her with your eyes, and everything looked different. Wrong†¦After you left the house last night I was thinkin’ back, and I realized that I ain’t never really ever made a single decision in my life, you know. Just kinda drifted from one thing to the next, following the direction these darn things pointed me in (her breasts), you know?† (p. 294-295). After Bunny’s epiphany, she begins to seek treatment for h er daughter and truly becomes an advocate for her health. By breaking free from the constraints of the patriarchal â€Å"rules† in her life, Bunny is able to see her new role as a woman in society. Similarly, Akiko is aShow MoreRelatedThe Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism. The advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Why are some people so angry or offended when they hear this word? Why does the idea of women being equal to men annoy and infuriate them? Do they not believe that women should have the same rights as men? Should women have to cover up to avoid being cat called by disgusting men? Should women have to cover up to avoid being molested or raped? 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After visiting and researching the Middle East I have came to change my views as well as well I am now culturally awareRead MoreThe Harmful Effects of Juvenile Prostitution Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesinform you about juvenile prostitution because I am interested in making a difference in our teenager’s world I want them to walk freely on the street. I am tired of seeing how people take advantage of inoffensive and inexperience teenagers. I what my kids to grow In a safe place. I don’t want them to become the new slaves of the sex industries. â€Æ' Back in the 1800’s, juvenile prostitution was legally and sociable accepted, but this change with the Mann act law in the 1910, which prohibited

Evaluation Of A Program For Incentive Spirometry - 2055 Words

1. Education provided must be specific to the patient’s needs and appropriate to the care, treatment and services provided. Initial teaching for Incentive spirometry is failing to be documented in all cases in the hospital’s electronic health record. 2. Patient-specific education is designed to help medical professionals and patients make better decisions about their health and links to relevant information with extensive articles, videos, and images for the patient. (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, 2014). Properly documented patient education can help organizations meet Meaningful Use Requirements (Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, 2012, 2016; National Learning Consortium, 2012) for reimbursement under Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services guidelines. 3. This quality improvement project’s aim is to identify how many initial teach documentations for incentive spirometry were missed and for what reason. D. Project Results: Define: The problem at Norton Audubon Hospital is initial teach documentations for incentive spirometry are not being documented in the electronic health record. Patient education and patient engagement in many forms support improved care and reduced cost of care as patients who are engaged with their health care have better outcomes and cost savings for their care. (Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, 2015, p. 62771). This project is occurring at Norton Audubon Hospital. Norton AudubonShow MoreRelatedHealth Employer Data And Information Set866 Words   |  4 PagesEmployer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) is a data collecting instrument that the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) uses to compare healthcare services on a side by side evaluation. HEDIS is also a nonprofit organizations that care about patient safety and accreditation. HEDIS is an accreditation program that was initiated in 1991 as a centralized database for employers to assess the quality of insurance and healthcare providers nationwide. HEDIS forth strict regulations and benchmarksRead MoreDifference in Competencies of Nurses Prepared Essay1126 Words   |   5 PagesNCLEX examination and become a Registered Nurse. In the 1950’s baccalaureate nursing programs were made accessible to high school graduates throughout the country. This was due to the passing of GI Bill of Rights in 1946 that helped veterans to get vocational training or attend college. Veteran nurses took the opportunity to get college degrees for nursing and administration. Due to the increase in program enrollment the face of nursing education significantly changed. (Creasia, 2007). BSN preparationRead MoreTaking a Look at Respiratory Dysfunction2037 Words   |  8 Pageschild to perform ADLs. All of these tests and measures will help the physical therapist and support personal care for the child with respiratory muscular weakness. This specific information will also help the physical therapist design an exercise program at the appropriate level for the patient. Physical Therapy Intervention According to Tecklin the important parts of the physical therapy interventions for a child with respiratory muscular weakness is respiratory muscular strengthening exercisesRead MoreChildhood Asthma And Its Effects3628 Words   |  15 Pagesperformed to identify possible risks leading to non-compliance: customary beliefs, financial resources, health literacy, psychosocial issues, or even family problems. Therefore, therapeutic communication and interventions (e.g., medications and an incentive spirometer) along with education and return demonstration are not only imperative in the success of the overall treatment of the patient and family but also reduces their anxiety and stress. Since asthma can be a life-threatening condition, requesting

What Determines The Perception Of Tattoos - 1443 Words

What determines the perception of tattoos? University of Hawaii at Manoa Cole Dante Introduction College students walk amongst each other every day, eyes wandering and constantly comparing each other. Comparing the physical appearances, attire, and how they carry themselves. A main trend that has become popular over the years are tattoos. Tattoos have long been viewed as a part of the deviant culture but that perspective has been evolving where many perspectives are emerging regarding to the subject. For example, some may say that tattoos have been becoming a social norm, becoming a very normal day to day thing to see. Of course many still hold traditional beliefs that tattoos are deviant and that no good comes†¦show more content†¦The stigma associated with tattoos are often viewed as deviant and frowned upon by people with long held religious beliefs. â€Å"Persons who have tattoos remain stigmatized as deviant people, and commonly are stereotyped as having poor decision-making skills, rarely attending church, easily swayed by peer-pressure, having had unhappy childhoods, Getting tattooed while intoxicated, and as poor students and rebellious† (Armstrong, 1994, Braverman, 2012 and Roberts and Ryan, 2002). Some people with tattoos are well aware of the stigma with tattoos. King, Vidourek, Madfis, and Arford (2013) further mentions that older respondents report more experiences with stigma victimization and perceive greater stigma associated with tattoos because historically, tattooing is characterized as a deviant and negative expression. 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Literature Review Methane Free Essays

Methane Recovery from Landfills Utilization as a Potential Energy Source and Impact on Reduction of Green House Gasses According to The Conference Board of Canada, current Canadian municipal solid waste (MSW) generation levels are approximately 30 million tonnes per year, with a rate of 894 kg per capita, 67 percent of which is landfilled. (Jones L. et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review Methane or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2002) Sanitary landfills burry MSW under soil, sanctioning a complex series of reactions to occur, where anaerobic microorganisms decompose a portion of the organic fraction of the waste producing methane and carbon dioxide. Methane generation and emission from landfills are topics of major interest due to methane’s role in the greenhouse effect, migration of hazard potential, health and safety issues and energy applications. The objective of this literature review is to provide a concise relationship between MSW and landfill gasses (LFG), details of potential methods used for capturing methane as appose to emitting the gas as well as the benefits of doing. Rendering to information written by D. R. Reinhart and T. G. Townsend (1998), MSW contains approximately 50 – 70 % of biodegradable material, such as food, paper, wood, and garden trimmings. Once MSW is deposited into a landfill, it undergoes a number of biological, physical and chemical changes. These changes are greatly dependent on site conditions, waste characteristics, temperature, quantity of oxygen, moisture content and other factors. (Nozhevinikova et al. 1993) The most important reactions occurring within the landfill are those involving the microbes which begin to consume the carbon in the organic material, in turn causing the decomposition and eventually leading to the evaluate of LFG. In sanitary landfills, the process of burying waste and regularly covering deposits with a low permeability material creates an internal anaerobic environment that favors methane producing bacteria since the presence of oxygen is lacking. Pathways leading to the production of methane and carbon dioxide from anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of solid waste are briefly described bellow: 1) Decomposition of organic matter- In this preliminary process, compounds of higher molecular mass (Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids etc. are transformed into intermediate mass compounds making them much more suitable for the microorganisms as a source of energy and cell carbon 2) Conversion of decomposed matter to Organic Acid- In this phase, the existing microorganisms convert the intermediate molecular mass compounds into lower molecular mass compounds such as compel organic acids. 3) Conversion of Acetic Acid to Methane Gas- During this stage, the microorganisms transform the acetic acid into methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasses. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. 2002) As the solid waste decomposes in landfills, the gas which is emitted is composed of approximately 50 percent CH4 and 50 percent CO2, both of which are green house gasses (GHG) (Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. 1987) With Landfilling being the primary source of disposal of MSW around the world, (Encyclopedia Britanica 2012) methane emissions from landfill represent the largest source of GHG emissions from the waste sector, contributing around 700 Mt CO2-e. United Nations Environmental Programme 2012) As recorded by Environment Canada (2010), similar trends exist nationally with emissions from Canadian landfills accounting for 20% of the total national methane emissions. Information gathered in a thesis prepared by Palananthakumar, B. (1991) outlines the proportion of methane produced world wide from landfills, and can be seen illustrated graphically below in Figure 1. 0. Figure 1. 0: % of Methane Production Contributions Worldwide from Landfill Existing research leads to the confident statement that methane is a potent greenhouse gas. As summarized in a 2009 article from the Municipal Solid Waste, the Journal for Municipal Solid Waste Professionals, In its Fourth Assessment Report (2007), The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, on a 100-year time frame, each molecule of methane has a global warming potential 25 times higher than that associated with a molecule of carbon dioxide. (Duffy, D. P. et al 2009) Table 1. 0 summarizes the enumerated global warming potential for the primary greenhouse gasses discussed. Table 1. : Global Warming Potential (GWP) for a Given Time Horizon Greenhouse Gas| GWP20-yr (kg CO2-e| GWP (IPCC 2007) 100-yr (kg CO2-e)| GWP 500-yr (kg CO2-e)| Carbon Dioxide (CO2)| 1| 1| 1| Methane (CH4)| 72| 25| 7. 6| (Forster, P. et al 2007) In the last decade, attention to methane emissions from landfills has grown significantly with increased and ongoing awareness of global warming. The efforts of individual landfills as well as the nations as a whole are closely monitored f or the control of methane emissions. A trend has been observed that the magnitude of methane emission has been slightly decreasing, which is potentially due to the development of LFG to energy projects. Contrary to the negative perception associated with all greenhouse gasses, capturing this LFG can lead to beneficial outcomes. Generally, recovered methane either flares or is used as source of energy. The use of the gas as a source of energy is economical and environmentally friendly method to reduce LFG emissions. There are three primary approaches for the utilization of LFG. They include; 1) Direct use of gas locally 2) Generation of electricity and distribution through power grid 3) Processing and injection into a gas pipeline. (Palananthakumar, B. 1991) The captured LFG has the potential to provide a continuous source of energy and improve local air quality. In addition, using LFG can significantly reduce GHG emission, making the option of exploiting this alternative energy source a very viable option to MSW management. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has utilized this MSW management option and continues to encourage it. They have created a program that aims to help reduce methane emissions from landfills by assisting and encouraging the recovery and use of LFG as an energy resource. Since the programs inception, Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) has assisted 520 LFG energy projects in the United States reduce landfill CH4 emissions and avoid CO2 emissions by a combined 44 million metric tons of carbon equivalent. The reduction of methane emission through this program has slightly influenced the overall emission of LFG in USA. The success of LMOP can be reckoned by observing statistics from 2010 where reductions from all operational LFG energy projects were equivalent to Annual GHG emissions from 18. 5 million passenger vehicles. (United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) A variety of technologies exist to generate electricity from collected methane including, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and microturbines. Although there is a diversity of technologies, approximately eighty five percent of existing LFG electricity generation projects use internal combustion engines or turbines. United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) â€Å"How much energy can Municipal solid waste produce? † is a common question among existing research. According to â€Å"An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States† published by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Landfill Methane Outreach Program, one million tons of landfilled MSW can produce an electricity generation capaci ty of approximately 0. 8 MW. To further quantify this value, allowing the magnitude of the electricity generation to be understood, Focus on Energy (2003) outlines that 0. 8MW would be drawn to power approximately 8 000 100w light bulbs. It can be concluded that LFG recovery wreaks benefits environmentally, socially and economically. LFG recovery, particularly methane, also makes an impact on the larger issue termed green house effect, as it is amongst the most cost effective and feasible measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The recovered LFG can be directly or indirectly utilized to produce energy, which is a perpetually small, however; a very important component of an integrated approach to the solid waste management given that the use of landfills continues to remain the predominant method of municipal solid waste disposal in most countries. Global Methane 2012) References Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. (1987). The Production of Methane from Solid Wastes. † Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(D2), 2181–2187. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. (2002) â€Å"Landfill Biogas Management: Case of Chilean Sanitary Landfills. † Recovering Energy from Waste, 183-194. Conference Board o f Canada. (2011). â€Å"Municipal Waste Generation. † How Canada Performs, ; http://www. conferenceboard. ca/hcp/details/environment/municipal- waste-generation. aspx#_ftnref3; (Sept. 28th, 2012) Duffy, D.. P et al (2009). â€Å"Moving Up†¦ to the Top of the Landfill. Municipal Solid Waste Management. 19(2), 36-39. Encyclopedia Britanica (2012). â€Å"Solid Waste Management. † ;http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/553362/solid-wastemanagement /72390/Sanitary-landfill; (Sept. 29th, 2012) Environment Canada (2010). â€Å"Municipal Solid Waste and Greenhouse Gases. † ;http://www. ec. gc. ca/gdd-mw/default. asp? lang=En;n=6F92E701-1; (Sept 29th, 2012) Focus On Energy (2003). â€Å"Electricity Basics for Renewable Energy Systems†, Focus on Energy, Wisconsin. Forster, P. et al (2007) â€Å"Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United King dom and New York, NY, USA. Global Methane (2012). â€Å"Basic Concepts of Integrated Solid Waste Management. † International Best Practices Guide for LFGE Projects, Global Methane Initiative, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Jones, L. et al. (2002). â€Å"Environmental Indicators 5th Edition. † Critical Issues Bulletin, The Fraser Institute: Vancouver, BC Landfill Methane Outreach Program (2012). â€Å"An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States† U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Nozhevinikova, A. N. , et al. (1993). â€Å"Microbiological Process in Landfills. † Water Science Technology, 27(2), 243-252. Reinhart, D. R. , and Townsend, T. G. (1998). Landfill Bioreactor Design ; Operation, CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, USA. Palananthakumar, B. (1991). â€Å"Modeling of Methane Generation, Oxidation and Emission in Landfills. † M. Eng. Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology School of Environment, Resources and Development, Bangkok, Thailand. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012). â€Å"Landfill Gas Energy:A Guide to Developing and Implementing Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs. Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Guides, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2011). â€Å"Landfill Methane Outreach Program. † Environmental Protection Agency, ;http://www. epa. gov/lmop/ faq/ lmop. html; (Sept 29th, 2012) United Nations Environmental Programme (2012) â€Å" Waste and Climate Change: Global Trends and Strategy Framework. † United Nations Environmental Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka, Japan. How to cite Literature Review Methane, Essays

Literature Review Methane Free Essays

Methane Recovery from Landfills Utilization as a Potential Energy Source and Impact on Reduction of Green House Gasses According to The Conference Board of Canada, current Canadian municipal solid waste (MSW) generation levels are approximately 30 million tonnes per year, with a rate of 894 kg per capita, 67 percent of which is landfilled. (Jones L. et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review Methane or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2002) Sanitary landfills burry MSW under soil, sanctioning a complex series of reactions to occur, where anaerobic microorganisms decompose a portion of the organic fraction of the waste producing methane and carbon dioxide. Methane generation and emission from landfills are topics of major interest due to methane’s role in the greenhouse effect, migration of hazard potential, health and safety issues and energy applications. The objective of this literature review is to provide a concise relationship between MSW and landfill gasses (LFG), details of potential methods used for capturing methane as appose to emitting the gas as well as the benefits of doing. Rendering to information written by D. R. Reinhart and T. G. Townsend (1998), MSW contains approximately 50 – 70 % of biodegradable material, such as food, paper, wood, and garden trimmings. Once MSW is deposited into a landfill, it undergoes a number of biological, physical and chemical changes. These changes are greatly dependent on site conditions, waste characteristics, temperature, quantity of oxygen, moisture content and other factors. (Nozhevinikova et al. 1993) The most important reactions occurring within the landfill are those involving the microbes which begin to consume the carbon in the organic material, in turn causing the decomposition and eventually leading to the evaluate of LFG. In sanitary landfills, the process of burying waste and regularly covering deposits with a low permeability material creates an internal anaerobic environment that favors methane producing bacteria since the presence of oxygen is lacking. Pathways leading to the production of methane and carbon dioxide from anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of solid waste are briefly described bellow: 1) Decomposition of organic matter- In this preliminary process, compounds of higher molecular mass (Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids etc. are transformed into intermediate mass compounds making them much more suitable for the microorganisms as a source of energy and cell carbon 2) Conversion of decomposed matter to Organic Acid- In this phase, the existing microorganisms convert the intermediate molecular mass compounds into lower molecular mass compounds such as compel organic acids. 3) Conversion of Acetic Acid to Methane Gas- During this stage, the microorganisms transform the acetic acid into methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasses. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. 2002) As the solid waste decomposes in landfills, the gas which is emitted is composed of approximately 50 percent CH4 and 50 percent CO2, both of which are green house gasses (GHG) (Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. 1987) With Landfilling being the primary source of disposal of MSW around the world, (Encyclopedia Britanica 2012) methane emissions from landfill represent the largest source of GHG emissions from the waste sector, contributing around 700 Mt CO2-e. United Nations Environmental Programme 2012) As recorded by Environment Canada (2010), similar trends exist nationally with emissions from Canadian landfills accounting for 20% of the total national methane emissions. Information gathered in a thesis prepared by Palananthakumar, B. (1991) outlines the proportion of methane produced world wide from landfills, and can be seen illustrated graphically below in Figure 1. 0. Figure 1. 0: % of Methane Production Contributions Worldwide from Landfill Existing research leads to the confident statement that methane is a potent greenhouse gas. As summarized in a 2009 article from the Municipal Solid Waste, the Journal for Municipal Solid Waste Professionals, In its Fourth Assessment Report (2007), The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, on a 100-year time frame, each molecule of methane has a global warming potential 25 times higher than that associated with a molecule of carbon dioxide. (Duffy, D. P. et al 2009) Table 1. 0 summarizes the enumerated global warming potential for the primary greenhouse gasses discussed. Table 1. : Global Warming Potential (GWP) for a Given Time Horizon Greenhouse Gas| GWP20-yr (kg CO2-e| GWP (IPCC 2007) 100-yr (kg CO2-e)| GWP 500-yr (kg CO2-e)| Carbon Dioxide (CO2)| 1| 1| 1| Methane (CH4)| 72| 25| 7. 6| (Forster, P. et al 2007) In the last decade, attention to methane emissions from landfills has grown significantly with increased and ongoing awareness of global warming. The efforts of individual landfills as well as the nations as a whole are closely monitored f or the control of methane emissions. A trend has been observed that the magnitude of methane emission has been slightly decreasing, which is potentially due to the development of LFG to energy projects. Contrary to the negative perception associated with all greenhouse gasses, capturing this LFG can lead to beneficial outcomes. Generally, recovered methane either flares or is used as source of energy. The use of the gas as a source of energy is economical and environmentally friendly method to reduce LFG emissions. There are three primary approaches for the utilization of LFG. They include; 1) Direct use of gas locally 2) Generation of electricity and distribution through power grid 3) Processing and injection into a gas pipeline. (Palananthakumar, B. 1991) The captured LFG has the potential to provide a continuous source of energy and improve local air quality. In addition, using LFG can significantly reduce GHG emission, making the option of exploiting this alternative energy source a very viable option to MSW management. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has utilized this MSW management option and continues to encourage it. They have created a program that aims to help reduce methane emissions from landfills by assisting and encouraging the recovery and use of LFG as an energy resource. Since the programs inception, Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) has assisted 520 LFG energy projects in the United States reduce landfill CH4 emissions and avoid CO2 emissions by a combined 44 million metric tons of carbon equivalent. The reduction of methane emission through this program has slightly influenced the overall emission of LFG in USA. The success of LMOP can be reckoned by observing statistics from 2010 where reductions from all operational LFG energy projects were equivalent to Annual GHG emissions from 18. 5 million passenger vehicles. (United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) A variety of technologies exist to generate electricity from collected methane including, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and microturbines. Although there is a diversity of technologies, approximately eighty five percent of existing LFG electricity generation projects use internal combustion engines or turbines. United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) â€Å"How much energy can Municipal solid waste produce? † is a common question among existing research. According to â€Å"An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States† published by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Landfill Methane Outreach Program, one million tons of landfilled MSW can produce an electricity generation capaci ty of approximately 0. 8 MW. To further quantify this value, allowing the magnitude of the electricity generation to be understood, Focus on Energy (2003) outlines that 0. 8MW would be drawn to power approximately 8 000 100w light bulbs. It can be concluded that LFG recovery wreaks benefits environmentally, socially and economically. LFG recovery, particularly methane, also makes an impact on the larger issue termed green house effect, as it is amongst the most cost effective and feasible measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The recovered LFG can be directly or indirectly utilized to produce energy, which is a perpetually small, however; a very important component of an integrated approach to the solid waste management given that the use of landfills continues to remain the predominant method of municipal solid waste disposal in most countries. Global Methane 2012) References Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. (1987). The Production of Methane from Solid Wastes. † Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(D2), 2181–2187. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. (2002) â€Å"Landfill Biogas Management: Case of Chilean Sanitary Landfills. † Recovering Energy from Waste, 183-194. Conference Board o f Canada. (2011). â€Å"Municipal Waste Generation. † How Canada Performs, ; http://www. conferenceboard. ca/hcp/details/environment/municipal- waste-generation. aspx#_ftnref3; (Sept. 28th, 2012) Duffy, D.. P et al (2009). â€Å"Moving Up†¦ to the Top of the Landfill. Municipal Solid Waste Management. 19(2), 36-39. Encyclopedia Britanica (2012). â€Å"Solid Waste Management. † ;http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/553362/solid-wastemanagement /72390/Sanitary-landfill; (Sept. 29th, 2012) Environment Canada (2010). â€Å"Municipal Solid Waste and Greenhouse Gases. † ;http://www. ec. gc. ca/gdd-mw/default. asp? lang=En;n=6F92E701-1; (Sept 29th, 2012) Focus On Energy (2003). â€Å"Electricity Basics for Renewable Energy Systems†, Focus on Energy, Wisconsin. Forster, P. et al (2007) â€Å"Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United King dom and New York, NY, USA. Global Methane (2012). â€Å"Basic Concepts of Integrated Solid Waste Management. † International Best Practices Guide for LFGE Projects, Global Methane Initiative, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Jones, L. et al. (2002). â€Å"Environmental Indicators 5th Edition. † Critical Issues Bulletin, The Fraser Institute: Vancouver, BC Landfill Methane Outreach Program (2012). â€Å"An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States† U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Nozhevinikova, A. N. , et al. (1993). â€Å"Microbiological Process in Landfills. † Water Science Technology, 27(2), 243-252. Reinhart, D. R. , and Townsend, T. G. (1998). Landfill Bioreactor Design ; Operation, CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, USA. Palananthakumar, B. (1991). â€Å"Modeling of Methane Generation, Oxidation and Emission in Landfills. † M. Eng. Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology School of Environment, Resources and Development, Bangkok, Thailand. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012). â€Å"Landfill Gas Energy:A Guide to Developing and Implementing Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs. Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Guides, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2011). â€Å"Landfill Methane Outreach Program. † Environmental Protection Agency, ;http://www. epa. gov/lmop/ faq/ lmop. html; (Sept 29th, 2012) United Nations Environmental Programme (2012) â€Å" Waste and Climate Change: Global Trends and Strategy Framework. † United Nations Environmental Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka, Japan. How to cite Literature Review Methane, Essays

Finance Company Financials

Question: Discuss about theFinancefor Company Financials. Answer: Company Financials Return on investment increases when the company effectively implement the strategy and manage its resource efficiently which eventually reflected on the profit margin or the earnings before interest and tax figure. Qantas Domestic, Qantas International, Jets star group and Qantas Loyalty all are profit margin are reported to be staggering record results. Return on capital invested is a calculated risk which the company takes on the basis of the historical facts and figure (Airways, 2016) . The past financial figures help provide the platform for the company to develop a strategy to overcome the loopholes and issues hampering the profit margin and rectify and thus help to incur maximum profit for the given current fiscal year. The underlying profit EBIT in the domestic market for Qantas and Jet start recorded was around $820 million which is increase by up to $191 million whereas on the other hand the international division recorded a hike of around $374 million EBIT (earnings before interest and tax). Increase in the return on investment for Qantas group was considered to be one of the measure successes over the last few decades. The reason behind the exponential hike in the ROI is the transformation program which help to restructure the group on the cost part and the thus help to increase the overall revenue generation improved (Financials.morningstar.com, 2016). Qantas reformation program restructured the overall cost system of the Qantas which helps to unlocked around $1.66 billion in permanent cost and revenue benefit from the year 2014 till the year 2016 which include the exponential profit margin of around $557 million for the fiscal year 2016. Effective fuel hedging is also one of the major strategies taken by the management of Qantas group which help to improve and secure of around $664 million benefit from the bottom global fuel prices which is when compared with the financial year annual report 2015which is saved via air fares which are compared as 40 percent decline than a decade ago in the Australian market. Effective fuel prices hedging help to minimize the risk of increase in the fuel in the global market which eventually reflected in the air fare for the customer which helps to increase the customer base on return due to the decrease in the air fares (Iata.org, 2016). The strategy of hedging help to improve the ROI for the Qantas group for the year 2015 and 2016 and recorded exponential increase in the facts and figure related to the company profit margin. The major reason for the increase in the return on invested capital for the Qantas group is the transformation program which helps to make the business of the Qantas more agile and thus help t crate or generate more values for the shareholder and the investor and thus help to provide the platform for the investor to invest in the company which eventually help the company to grow more faster compared to the last fiscal year (Qantasnewsroom.com.au, 2016). Average interest bearing debt level Debt to equity ratio for the year 2015 and 2016 of Qantas group is recorded 1.39 and 1.36 respectively (Financials.morningstar.com, 2016). Therefore on the basis of the calculation the average interest bearing debt level will be, 1.39 + 1.36 / 2 = 1.375 Average total equity Total equity for the year 2015 and 2016 recorded 19.63 and 19.49 respectively (Financials.morningstar.com, 2016). Therefore on the basis of the calculation the average interest bearing debt level will be, 19.63 + 19.49 / 2 = 19.56 Cost of debt Sell bond for $1000 ( Vb = $1000) Floatation cost = 3% ( Fd = 3% ) N= 30 ( annual coupon payment) Rd = cost of debt Rd= Fd/Vb (1-Fd) Cost of debt 10.32 % On the basis of the calculation the average interest debt level indicate the debt equity ratio fo the company which help to provide the capital structuring idea of the company. On the other hand the average total equity represent the shareholder equity for the year 2015 and 2016 which help the shareholder to forecast on the future profit margin and several other option of rate investment purpose. Cost of debt help to throw light on the ability of the company for obtaining on to fund asset purchase and thus help to estimate the ability of the project to earn profit in the coming year. References Airways, Q. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2015AnnualReport.pdf [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016]. Financials.morningstar.com. (2016).Growth, Profitability, and Financial Ratios for Qantas Airways Ltd (QUBSF) from Morningstar.com. [online] Available at: https://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=QUBSF [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016]. Iata.org. (2016).IATA - Price Analysis. [online] Available at: https://www.iata.org/publications/economics/fuel-monitor/Pages/price-analysis.aspx [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016]. Qantasnewsroom.com.au. (2016).Qantas Group Full Year Result 2016 - Qantas News Room. [online] Available at: https://www.qantasnewsroom.com.au/media-releases/qantas-group-full-year-result-2016/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016].

Abortion And Women Essay Example For Students

Abortion And Women Essay During the past century, abortion has joined race and war asone of the most debatable subjects of controversy in the United States. Theissue of abortion causes discussions about human interactions where ethics,emotions and law come together. There are many reasons why women decide to haveabortions. Some women have abortions because of health complications, some havemarital problems, and some lack responsibility. Whatever the reasons a womandecides to have an abortion, it seems only justified that she should be able tomake decisions in regards to her life and body. The decisions that she makes inregards to what she does with her body and the fetus will be beneficial to boththe woman and the fetus because it will prevent many problems from occurring inthe future. If a woman were to have an unwanted baby, she may neglect or evenabuse the child causing the child to go into the care of the government. Bringing an unwanted child into the world is unfair to the innocent child andthe woman. The government has no valid reason in bringing an unwanted life intothe world. Bringing an unwanted child into the world is not helpful to theparents, the child and the government, because if the parents cannot take careof the child, eventually, the government will be responsible for the child. Theright to have an abortion is personal and essential to a womans life, becausehaving a baby in ones life causes dramatic changes. Pregnancy and childbirthcan prevent women from keeping and getting jobs. When women are pregnant manyemployers do not want to hire them because when the woman has a baby, thecompany or employer must still pay her for the time that she is out of work bylaw. Also, raising a baby and providing for all the needs that a child has is alot of money, which can create an insufficient income for many women. Anotherfactor that imposes on women when they have children is the amount of time theyhave for themselves and others beyond the baby. Women feel that it prevents themfrom providing services for others and time for themselves. Sometimes after apregnancy and childbirth, many women have to give up their dreams on starting inschool or end up dropping out because they do not have the time for it. Theyhave to give up on something that will significantly influence her family andher future. Pregnancy has a great impact on the womans future and her futurerelationship with her family. In many cases of unwanted pregnancies, the womenare not married. These women inmost cases cannot go home and announce that theyare pregnant and be proud of it. Their pregnancy would be am embarrassment anddisgrace to the family. Some families would suggest to the pregnant woman aboutdisowning her, throwing her out of the house, and cutting off familycommunications and wealth. Many of these women cannot deal with loosing theirfamily and the new lifestyle that they have to face. So in order to preventlosing their family and leading a tough life, they look into the option ofabortion. Women should have the choice of deciding what would be best for theirfuture, whether or not they are ready to change their lifestyle and decide therelationship between themselves and their family. A woman is equal to a man. Butduring a pregnancy, when the woman does not have the choice to abort the fetusgrowing inside of her, she is not his equal. A man can simply withdraw from arelationship as soon as he finds out about a pregnancy. He has the choice ofstaying and supporting the pregnant woman, or the choice of leaving her and thedevelopment of a new life. He can simply say a sentence or pick up his bags andleave while a whole new life is growing inside of her, a life that she cannotget rid of unless she has professional help. Without the choice of abortion, awoman does not have the same choices that a man would have. With the right tohave an abortion, women like men have the right to fully use the powers of theirminds and bodies just like a man. A womans body is hers and hers alone. Noone has the right to make her do something that she does not want to do. TheSupreme Court has stated that it is a womans right to have an abortion if shechooses to. In the Roe V. Wade Decision, the judges stated that the right to anabortion is a womans right and choice by recognizing abortion as afundamental constitutional right and choice by recognizing abortion as afundamental constitutional right and made it legal in all states. The law nowpermits abortion at the request of the 14th amendments personalliberty, women are given the right to receive abortions. The personalrights included on the 24th amendment proves that a womans body is hersand hers alone, and what she chooses to do with it is her decision. If a womandoes not have the choice of bringing a fetus into the world may not onlyjeopardize the future of the mother, but it also has great impact on the futureof the fetus. Many ti mes when a fetus is not wanted by the parents but is forcedinto the world, the fetus may be given up for adoption, abused and neglected. .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 , .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 .postImageUrl , .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 , .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98:hover , .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98:visited , .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98:active { border:0!important; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98:active , .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98 .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f2cd7f55098104c4e8751108897fd98:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nero EssayThese children in most cases do not have the same kind of opportunities thatother children who were raised by parents that loved and wanted them have. Whena family has a newborn, the parents have great hopes and dreams for their baby. They hope and dream that their baby will have a successful life. They want theirchild to be a well-educated and respected aspect of society. No one hopes thattheir child will become a failure. But when a parent is not ready to raise ababy, she may have hopes and dreams for the baby, but may not know where tostart in making those dreams become a reality. She may decide that the bestsolution for herself and the baby might be to put the child up for adoption, inhopes that the foster parents would provide the baby a better life than thebirth mother would. With all good intentions, the outcome of each child isuncertain. The outcome of what will happen to the child who is out up foradoption is uncertain, because it is difficult to find good homes and parents. There are many children out for adoption, but not enough people looking intoadding another person into their family. Some children never get the chance ofeven becoming a part of a family. They are continually transferred from onefoster care to another lacking individual attention and needs. Some children mayfind a foster home to live in, but it may become a home, which actually becomesmore dangerous than the streets. There may be an alcoholic that becomes abusivewhen he is drunk, and the child may be abused. There may be a mother who cannothandle stress and releases her emotions on the child by telling the child thathe is useless and not worthy of anything. One the contrary, it is possible thata child may go into a good foster home with good foster parents. The fosterparents may provide the child opportunities that they may have never had withtheir birth parents. But it is still more common that children who are notraised by their birth parents are more likely to lead to lives of des tructionbecause their natural parents werent ready to take the responsibility ofraising a child that they created. The creation of unwanted children should nothappen. If there is any doubt that a parent cannot raise the child, theyshouldnt bring the child into this world because children that are not takencare of by their parents tend to end up in the hands of the government. Itbecomes the responsibility of the government to take care of these unwantedchildren. Unwanted children are put on the streets, the government needs to findhomes for them, and they need to find rehabilitation centers for children thatneed counseling because they have drug or alcoholic problems. The governmentneeds to supply these children with food, clothes, and an education, but mostimportantly, a place and the idea that the children are cared and loved for. Canthe government offer all these things to meet the needs of these children? Thegovernment cannot provide all the things that the children need, contrar y tothat, the children provide more than what the government can handle. Unwantedchildren who are left to be taken care of by the government grow up and providea lot of work for the government. It has been stated in the Young and ModernMagazine, that unwanted children raise the percentage of crime, pregnancies andgang activities. If the number of neglected children would decrease, there wouldbe a decrease in the numbers of crime, pregnancies and gang activities. Therewould be a smaller number of people that would be homeless, abused, and left onthe streets to be taken care of. With a smaller number of people with suchproblems, it would give the government the time and money to deal with otherissues and problems that society has created. Children can be a positive aspectto society, but the unwanted and rebellious also can be a burden to the peopleand the state. Children should not be a burden to anyone. But if there is achance that the children should ever become a burden or an innoc ent victimbecause they were never wanted, they should have never been brought into thisworld. Children are precious. They should not be made innocent victims. There isan argument that killing the fetus before it is born is makes the unborn childan innocent victim, but the children who know and understand the reality oftheir position will be bigger victims than a fetus who does not have the abilityto think and feel. If a fetus is unwanted, for the parents, the child, and thegovernment, it would be best to terminate the fetus before it is brought into heworld and is abused and neglected. .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 , .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 .postImageUrl , .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 , .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489:hover , .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489:visited , .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489:active { border:0!important; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489:active , .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489 .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u252cc3d55e878c3eeaf58a8831027489:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Paintball: The Safe Sport EssayLegal Issues